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Endocrinology - Metabolic Diseases (Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2)

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The file on Metabolic Diseases from the Endocrinology course in the third year of Medicine and Surgery at Pavia includes: Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune, with destruction of pancreatic β cells, distinguishable between Type 1A (autoimmune) and Type 1B (idiopathic). Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance and β cell dysfunction. Diagnosis: Diagnostic tests like fasting glucose, OGTT, and HbA1c. Treatment: Lifestyle changes, medications, and insulin. Chronic Complications: Microvascular: Retinopathy, nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy. Macrovascular: Cardiovascular disease and peripheral artery disease. Metabolic Syndrome: Increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Emergencies: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS), and Hypoglycemia. The material prepares students for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diabetes complications.